List of fda approved bioidentical hormones - To learn more, review the BIJUVA Patient Information and talk about BIJUVA with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. The FDA-approved product labeling, including Patient Information, can be found here. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit MedWatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

 
Menopause is a normal, natural change in a woman’s life when her period stops. That’s why some people call menopause “the change of life” or “the change.”. During menopause a woman’s .... Atandt internet providers near me

Aug 11, 2020 · FDA Approved Bioidentical Hormones Preparations: All the hormones used in compounded preparations have been FDA approved and are used OFF-Label in compounded preparations. Here is a partial list of FDA approved hormone preparations for Estradiol, Progesterone and Testosterone: Hormone Product Year of FDA Approval Manufacturer Sep 12, 2012 · A long list of FDA-approved hormone products contain 17-beta estradiol and, therefore, are bioidentical. Examples include oral esterase, estradiol transdermal patches (Climara®, Vivelle®) and the vaginal ring (Estring®). Prometrium® is an oral FDA-approved bioidentical progesterone product. The next misconception is that progesterone ... Jun 23, 2021 · The categories of hormones gets broken down into bioidentical versus synthetic, and FDA-approved versus non-FDA-approved. FDA-Approved Hormone therapy Numerous FDA-approved hormone preparations are available for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, gender-affirming therapy, birth control, and menstrual regulation. Bioidentical hormone therapy used to treat menopausal symptoms typically contains estradiol which is, in fact, identical to the estradiol used in traditional hormone therapy. Thus, the term bioidentical hormone therapy can be confusing; there are bioidentical hormones approved by the FDA, but there are also compounded bioidentical hormone ...Sep 12, 2012 · A long list of FDA-approved hormone products contain 17-beta estradiol and, therefore, are bioidentical. Examples include oral esterase, estradiol transdermal patches (Climara®, Vivelle®) and the vaginal ring (Estring®). Prometrium® is an oral FDA-approved bioidentical progesterone product. The next misconception is that progesterone ... Bioidentical progesterone replacement therapy is commonly used by perimenopausal and postmenopausal women whose shifting hormone levels severely affect their well-being, causing symptoms such as irritability, hot flashes, difficulty concentrating, loss of libido, and more. However, women of reproductive age may also choose to take bioidentical ...Menopause is a normal, natural change in a woman’s life when her period stops. That’s why some people call menopause “the change of life” or “the change.”. During menopause a woman’s ...Jun 27, 2023 · Biote is a company that specializes in hormone optimization using bioidentical hormone pellets, explains David J. Watson, M.D., an OB-GYN at Littleton Gynecology and Wellness in Littleton ... However, there are also commercially available FDA-approved products that fit the definition of “bioidentical,” and some bioidentical hormones are derived from animal sources or made synthetically (Cirigliano 2007). These products are seldom marketed or prescribed by anti-aging and other alternative health practitioners, who instead favor ...Compounding pharmacies should be aware of recent developments in the law surrounding bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT). In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in compounding pharmacies) is preparation of a custom formulation of a medication to fit the unique need of a patient which cannot be met with commercially available products. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved. The Food ...“The [widely available] FDA-approved bioidentical hormones produced in monitored facilities demonstrate a high quality of safety and efficiency in trials; therefore, there is no rationale for the routine prescribing of unregulated, untested, and potentially harmful custom-compounded bioidentical HTs.” In recent years, CBHT has emerged as a popular alternative to manufactured, FDA-approved hormone therapy—despite concerns within the medical community and the availability of new FDA-approved “bioidentical” products. This study investigated the motivations for choosing and using CBHT in a U.S. sample of ordinary midlife women.An update in the fight to protect estriol and other hormones from an FDA ban. Action Alert! We’ve said before that the FDA is stacking the deck against bioidentical hormones; now it seems incontrovertible. Time is running out for the natural health community to mount an effective defense of estriol and other compounded, bioidentical hormones from an FDAThere are FDA-approved bioidentical hormone products available, including estradiol (Estrace, Climara, Vivelle) and progesterone (Prometrium). Many compounded hormones are also considered to be bioidentical. These are hormones made just for you. But they aren’t FDA-approved and can vary in quality. Table of contents About bioidentical hormones UsesAug 12, 2020 · Patented synthetic hormones require extensive testing and funding, which helps keep the FDA in business. When looking at the safety of bioidentical hormones, several things stand out. As mentioned above, the risk of breast cancer is reduced using bioidentical hormones. These types are approved and regulated by the FDA, and they are made by drug companies. Some bioidentical hormones are available in a compounding pharmacy. Compounded bioidentical hormones may be put into a capsule, a skin cream or gel, a tablet to dissolve under your tongue, a suppository, or a nose spray.Jul 1, 2020 · The use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapies (cBHTs) — an increasingly popular approach to relieve symptoms of menopause and male hypogonadism — should be limited to the small number of patients who cannot benefit from an FDA-approved hormone therapy product, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Bioidentical Hormone Therapy. The change in hormonal milieu associated with perimenopause and menopause can lead to a variety of symptoms that can affect a woman's quality of life. Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for these symptoms. However, combined HT consisting of conjugated equine estrogen and ...The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some forms of manufactured bioidentical hormones, including bioidentical estriol (a weak form of estrogen) and progesterone.Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are the most commonly used bioidentical hormones. Some prescription forms of bioidentical hormones are premade by drug companies. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved certain types of bioidentical hormones. compounded drugs, and then it reviews key regulatory issues related to the U.S. compounded drug market. 2 FDA-APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS. FDA approves a new drug for public use only after careful review of data from preclinical studies in animals and human clinical trials that determine whether the benefits of the drug outweigh its known and potential risks.The gap between a need for effective menopausal treatment and available therapies with a perceived acceptable risk/benefit ratio vastly expanded the use of non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounded hormone therapy (CHT), 6,7 which has been marketed as safer than HT and has been promoted as a superior alternative to HT. 6,8-10 ...Dec 12, 2022 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some forms of manufactured bioidentical hormones, including bioidentical estriol (a weak form of estrogen) and progesterone. Dec 12, 2022 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some forms of manufactured bioidentical hormones, including bioidentical estriol (a weak form of estrogen) and progesterone. 14 uses of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved hormone therapies include 15 replacement during menopause, oncology therapies, and for endocrine or genetic disorders. 16 Although oral contraceptives are a common use of hormones, their primary use for the preventionFDA-approved. FDA does not have evidence that compounded “bioidentical hormones” are safe and effective, or safer or more effective than FDA-approved hormone therapy. FDA has approved drugs ..."It is important that women understand what bioidentical hormones are and the differences between those that are FDA-approved and those that are compounded or "mixed" at the pharmacy level," said ...Prescribers Should Restrict the Use of Non-FDA-Approved Compounded Bioidentical Hormones, Except for Specific Medical Circumstances. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine ...An update in the fight to protect estriol and other hormones from an FDA ban. Action Alert! We’ve said before that the FDA is stacking the deck against bioidentical hormones; now it seems incontrovertible. Time is running out for the natural health community to mount an effective defense of estriol and other compounded, bioidentical hormones from an FDAFDA approved bioidentical hormones are intended for standard doses that are mass-produced by manufacturers. If you need a dose that is higher or lower than what a manufacturer makes, then you must have it compounded to your individual needs. There are 3 types of bioidentical estrogens. The stronger and more active estrogen against menopausal ...Nov 8, 2022 · Bioidentical hormone therapy used to treat menopausal symptoms typically contains estradiol which is, in fact, identical to the estradiol used in traditional hormone therapy. Thus, the term bioidentical hormone therapy can be confusing; there are bioidentical hormones approved by the FDA, but there are also compounded bioidentical hormone ... The quick answer is yes, bioidentical hormones are FDA approved but hold on, this is a very controversial and somewhat complex topic that requires more explanation. Some bioidentical hormones are manufactured by drug companies, are approved by the FDA, and sold in standard doses. On the other hand some bioidentical hormone preparations are made ...There are FDA-approved bioidentical hormone products available, including estradiol (Estrace, Climara, Vivelle) and progesterone (Prometrium). Many compounded hormones are also considered to be bioidentical. These are hormones made just for you. But they aren’t FDA-approved and can vary in quality. Table of contents About bioidentical hormones UsesCompounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products such as progesterone and testosterone, are used at times instead of FDA-approved drugs for hormone replacement therapy.Breast tumors that contain estrogen and/or progesterone receptors are sometimes called hormone receptor positive (HR positive). Most ER-positive breast cancers are also PR positive. Breast cancers that lack ERs are called ER negative, and if they lack both ER and PR they may be called HR negative. Approximately 67%–80% of breast cancers in ...Aug 12, 2020 · Patented synthetic hormones require extensive testing and funding, which helps keep the FDA in business. When looking at the safety of bioidentical hormones, several things stand out. As mentioned above, the risk of breast cancer is reduced using bioidentical hormones. Apr 29, 2011 · The term CBHT refers to hormone preparations that (1) have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as the estrogens and progesterone produced within the human body, (2) are plant derived, and (3) are specifically compounded for an individual patient. Custom CBHT is not FDA-approved for treatment of menopausal symptoms. 16. Jul 7, 2010 · "It is important that women understand what bioidentical hormones are and the differences between those that are FDA-approved and those that are compounded or "mixed" at the pharmacy level," said ... Compounded “bioidentical hormone therapy” (BHT) products, such as progesterone and testosterone, are used by some providers and patients instead of FDA-approved drug products for hormone therapy.The first will examine the clinical utility of treating patients with compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products. ... are used at times instead of FDA-approved drug ... Bioidentical hormones. These hormones come from plant sources. The term "bioidentical" implies the hormones in the product are chemically identical to those your body produces. There are some commercially available bioidentical hormones approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Oct 7, 2022 · by DonnaWhite | Oct 11, 2019. The quick answer is yes, bioidentical hormones are FDA approved but hold on, this is a very controversial and somewhat complex topic that requires more explanation. Some bioidentical hormones are manufactured by drug companies, are approved by the FDA, and sold in standard doses. BIOIDENTICAL HORMONE THERAPY WHAT ARE BIOIDENTIcAL HORMONES? “Bioidentical” means identical in molecular structure to endogenous hormones. Howev-er, as we will see, a better distinction should be made between products that are approved and regulated by the US Food and Drug Ad-ministration (FDA) and those that are not. Companies that make bioidentical hormone therapy use the term “bioidentical” to suggest that their products are exactly the same as natural hormones. Many of these companies also claim that their products are safer than menopausal hormone therapy. However, the FDA does not recognize this term or regulate these products. No studies have been ...Jul 7, 2010 · "It is important that women understand what bioidentical hormones are and the differences between those that are FDA-approved and those that are compounded or "mixed" at the pharmacy level," said ... Sep 27, 2021 · The FDA wants to restrict compounded hormones to patients who are allergic to manufactured products or who need an unavailable specific dosage. People other than estrogen-deficient women use ... Any hormone can be made to be “bioidentical,” and there are many FDA-approved hormone preparations that are “bioidentical.”. However, the term has also been used to describe compounded formulations containing estrogens, progesterone, and androgens (cBHT). Administration of estrogen and progesterone (in women with a uterus) is an ...Read on to learn the definitions of compounded and bioidentical and what being “FDA-approved” tells you about a product. Compounded hormone therapy — sometimes called compounded bioidentical hormone therapy, abbreviated as cBHT — refers to the non-FDA-approved bioidentical options (pictured on the far-right branch of the decision tree ... Read on to learn the definitions of compounded and bioidentical and what being “FDA-approved” tells you about a product. Compounded hormone therapy — sometimes called compounded bioidentical hormone therapy, abbreviated as cBHT — refers to the non-FDA-approved bioidentical options (pictured on the far-right branch of the decision tree ...Apr 14, 2021 · not currently available as an FDA-approved drug product” (p. 195). “The term ‘bioidentical hormone’ generally refers to sex steroid hormones, usually an estrogen, an androgen or progesterone, that has the same chemical and molecular structure [and Mar 10, 2021 · Source: goodtoknow.co.uk. On the other hand, many of these points may be directly treated with bioidentical hormone alternative therapy. Hormone preparations specially tailor made for patients by compounding pharmacies, often known as bioidentical hormones, are extensively touted as being safer and more natural than Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved variations of hormones. Source: goodtoknow.co.uk. On the other hand, many of these points may be directly treated with bioidentical hormone alternative therapy. Hormone preparations specially tailor made for patients by compounding pharmacies, often known as bioidentical hormones, are extensively touted as being safer and more natural than Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved variations of hormones.May 25, 2023 · Bioidentical hormones. These hormones come from plant sources. The term "bioidentical" implies the hormones in the product are chemically identical to those your body produces. There are some commercially available bioidentical hormones approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Compounding pharmacies should be aware of recent developments in the law surrounding bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT). In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in compounding pharmacies) is preparation of a custom formulation of a medication to fit the unique need of a patient which cannot be met with commercially available products. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved. The Food ...The first will examine the clinical utility of treating patients with compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products. ... are used at times instead of FDA-approved drug ... Read on to learn the definitions of compounded and bioidentical and what being “FDA-approved” tells you about a product. Compounded hormone therapy — sometimes called compounded bioidentical hormone therapy, abbreviated as cBHT — refers to the non-FDA-approved bioidentical options (pictured on the far-right branch of the decision tree ...Aug 11, 2020 · FDA Approved Bioidentical Hormones Preparations: All the hormones used in compounded preparations have been FDA approved and are used OFF-Label in compounded preparations. Here is a partial list of FDA approved hormone preparations for Estradiol, Progesterone and Testosterone: Hormone Product Year of FDA Approval Manufacturer Dec 12, 2022 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some forms of manufactured bioidentical hormones, including bioidentical estriol (a weak form of estrogen) and progesterone. To learn more, review the BIJUVA Patient Information and talk about BIJUVA with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. The FDA-approved product labeling, including Patient Information, can be found here. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit MedWatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.The agency has latched onto this false conclusion from a report it commissioned, and it is another direct threat to estriol and compounded bioidentical hormones’ future. Action Alert! The FDA’s announcement regarding bioidentical hormones came just hours after the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released their report reviewing the “clinical utility” ofGiven the lack of well-designed and well-conducted clinical trials of these compounded hormones, ACOG recommended that all of them should be considered to have the same safety issues as those hormone products that are approved by the FDA and may also have additional risks unique to the compounding process. Context: Since 2002, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed a black box warning on women's hormone replacement products, women and their providers have been struggling with whether to proceed with hormone replacement therapy. Out of the controversy has grown a popular movement promoting the use of bioidentical hormones. compounded drugs, and then it reviews key regulatory issues related to the U.S. compounded drug market. 2 FDA-APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS. FDA approves a new drug for public use only after careful review of data from preclinical studies in animals and human clinical trials that determine whether the benefits of the drug outweigh its known and potential risks.Oct 24, 2013 · The FDA has approved several bioidentical hormones. Somers' books, however, describes custom-compounded bioidentical hormones, meaning they are produced by a pharmacy mixing ingredients of various ... In recent decades there has been a significant increase in both the supply and demand for compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT) products, raising the need for a better understanding of their safety and effectiveness. cBHT use has alarmed many providers as custom-compounded hormones are not Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and do not have labeling that details product risks ...Compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products such as progesterone and testosterone, are used at times instead of FDA-approved drugs for hormone replacement therapy.Mar 7, 2007 · For example, one study found that only 1 of 10 compounding pharmacies provided progesterone vaginal suppositories that were all within the potency range required of similar FDA-approved products. 2. This article will focus on compounded bioidentical hormone preparations aimed at menopausal and perimenopausal women. The cost of hormone pellet therapy can vary depending on the provider, but an average cost may be close to $1,536 each year. Healthcare insurance may cover FDA-approved hormone therapy, but the extent of the coverage may vary among plans. Most insurance companies are unlikely to cover compounded bioidentical hormone therapy because it is not ...Compounding pharmacies should be aware of recent developments in the law surrounding bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT). In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in compounding pharmacies) is preparation of a custom formulation of a medication to fit the unique need of a patient which cannot be met with commercially available products. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved. The Food ...FDA-approved. FDA does not have evidence that compounded “bioidentical hormones” are safe and effective, or safer or more effective than FDA-approved hormone therapy. FDA has approved drugs ...Bioidentical hormones are available as FDA-approved hormone formulations. Nonapproved custom-compounded preparations are marketed as bioidentical, but content is uncertain. The widespread use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy despite the lack of evidence to support its safety and efficacy is concerning.Doses should be as low as possible to help ease the symptoms, and then taken for the shortest amount of time. For some women, this may be for a few months, for others, years. If you are taking HRT for serious menopause symptoms, you may be reluctant to stop taking HRT, for fear the symptoms will return.Bioidentical hormones have the exact same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body. Bioidentical hormones are available as FDA-approved hormone formulations. Nonapproved custom-compounded preparations are marketed as bioidentical, but content is uncertain.In October 2005 Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of both FDA-approved bioidentical and non-bioidentical HRT preparations, filed a citizen petition with the FDA asking for enforcement action against compounding pharmacies that dispensed BHT and to investigate labelling and advertising guidelines. Soon after, the FDA took a number of ...Apr 29, 2011 · The term CBHT refers to hormone preparations that (1) have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as the estrogens and progesterone produced within the human body, (2) are plant derived, and (3) are specifically compounded for an individual patient. Custom CBHT is not FDA-approved for treatment of menopausal symptoms. 16. The FDA has not approved these compounded hormones, and it does not regulate them. As a result, they may pose safety risks. There is little evidence supporting bioidentical hormones, particularly ...Sep 12, 2012 · A long list of FDA-approved hormone products contain 17-beta estradiol and, therefore, are bioidentical. Examples include oral esterase, estradiol transdermal patches (Climara®, Vivelle®) and the vaginal ring (Estring®). Prometrium® is an oral FDA-approved bioidentical progesterone product. The next misconception is that progesterone ... To learn more, review the BIJUVA Patient Information and talk about BIJUVA with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. The FDA-approved product labeling, including Patient Information, can be found here. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit MedWatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.The author falsely claims that bioidentical hormones have not been proven safe and effective as required for FDA approval process. Take a look at the list of bioidentical prescription hormones above. These are all FDA approved and proven safe and effective.(See Table for a list of FDA-approved bioi-dentical HT products.) Another hormone, testosterone (shown to improve sexual desire), is not currently available as an FDA-approved bioidentical product. Confusion and unsubstantiated claims surround the custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy products used to treat The Endocrine Society has defined bioidentical hormones as “compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body.” 11 This broad definition does not address the manufacturing, source, or delivery methods of the products and thus can include non–FDA-approved custom-compounded ...

They have names such as Estrace, Alora, Climara, Estring and Vagifem. A woman who still has her uterus and who goes on hormone therapy for menopause symptoms should also take progesterone to reduce her risk for uterine cancer. FDA-approved bioidentical progesterone products, such as Prometrium, are available as well.. Ktkl 117

list of fda approved bioidentical hormones

14 uses of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved hormone therapies include 15 replacement during menopause, oncology therapies, and for endocrine or genetic disorders. 16 Although oral contraceptives are a common use of hormones, their primary use for the preventionThe FDA’s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) should review select hormones for the Difficult to Compound list, including estradiol, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, estriol, testosterone, and the pellet dosage form. The federal government and State Boards of Pharmacy should expand and improve oversight of 503A “traditional ... The cost of hormone pellet therapy can vary depending on the provider, but an average cost may be close to $1,536 each year. Healthcare insurance may cover FDA-approved hormone therapy, but the extent of the coverage may vary among plans. Most insurance companies are unlikely to cover compounded bioidentical hormone therapy because it is not ...Prescribers Should Restrict the Use of Non-FDA-Approved Compounded Bioidentical Hormones, Except for Specific Medical Circumstances. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine ...Oct 7, 2022 · by DonnaWhite | Oct 11, 2019. The quick answer is yes, bioidentical hormones are FDA approved but hold on, this is a very controversial and somewhat complex topic that requires more explanation. Some bioidentical hormones are manufactured by drug companies, are approved by the FDA, and sold in standard doses. The first will examine the clinical utility of treating patients with compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products. ... instead of FDA-approved drug products for hormone ...Bioidentical progesterone replacement therapy is commonly used by perimenopausal and postmenopausal women whose shifting hormone levels severely affect their well-being, causing symptoms such as irritability, hot flashes, difficulty concentrating, loss of libido, and more. However, women of reproductive age may also choose to take bioidentical ...Aug 12, 2020 · Patented synthetic hormones require extensive testing and funding, which helps keep the FDA in business. When looking at the safety of bioidentical hormones, several things stand out. As mentioned above, the risk of breast cancer is reduced using bioidentical hormones. Oct 18, 2017 · The good news for women who make this choice is that there are many FDA-approved bioidentical hormone products that supply estradiol that you can buy...with a prescription, of course...at any neighborhood pharmacy. They have names such as Estrace, Alora, Climara, Estring and Vagifem. Compounding pharmacies should be aware of recent developments in the law surrounding bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT). In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in compounding pharmacies) is preparation of a custom formulation of a medication to fit the unique need of a patient which cannot be met with commercially available products. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved. The Food ...Hormone Route of administration Bioidentical brand name (active pharmaceutical ingredient) Non-Bioidentical brand name (active pharmaceutical ingredient) Estrogen: Oral: FDA-approved Estrace®, generics (17β-estradiol)Available compounded (not FDA-approved) Estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), biestrogen (E2E3), triestrogen (E1E2E3) FDA-approvedEstrogen, progesterone and testosterone are the most commonly used bioidentical hormones. Some prescription forms of bioidentical hormones are premade by drug companies. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved certain types of bioidentical hormones.FDA approved bioidentical hormones are intended for standard doses that are mass-produced by manufacturers. If you need a dose that is higher or lower than what a manufacturer makes, then you must have it compounded to your individual needs. There are 3 types of bioidentical estrogens. The stronger and more active estrogen against menopausal ...The FDA wants to restrict compounded hormones to patients who are allergic to manufactured products or who need an unavailable specific dosage. People other than estrogen-deficient women use ...The first will examine the clinical utility of treating patients with compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) products. ... instead of FDA-approved drug products for hormone ...Jun 3, 2021 · Most of these hormones, except progesterone, are not approved by the FDA for use in women. Purchasing FDA-approved progesterone requires a medical prescription. Scientists report that FDA-approved progesterone BHRT products also adopt the name “body-identical” to avoid confusion with compounded bioidentical hormones (cBHRT). They are ... .

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